![]() The main parts of the apprenticeship are conducted by the District Courts, District Public Prosecutors’ Offices, and local bar associations throughout Japan. Anyone who passes the bar examination can be qualified to the legal profession, after completing a one-year apprenticeship, in which they need to pass the final qualifying examination at the Legal Training and Research Institute of the Supreme Court. Those who are unable to attend law school due to financial difficulties or other reasons may sit for the bar examination by passing a preliminary test ( yobi-shiken) introduced in 2011, which is open for anyone to apply. The law school system was introduced in 2004, and the law course takes three years in general, or two years for those with basic knowledge of legal studies. It is necessary to belong to one of the local bar associations. In order to qualify as an attorney, usually after completing a law school curriculum, one must pass the National Bar Examination ( shihoushiken), and complete an apprenticeship at the Legal Training and Research Institute. Lawyers are mainly attorneys ( bengoshi) and judicial scriveners ( shihoushoshi). Japan has a unified national justice system and there are no parallel/informal justice structures. informal, customary, religious, indigenous) Parallel/informal justice structures (e.g. ![]() Organizational chart of the justice system 2.3. Japan has a unified national justice system with multiple levels of courts – e.g. The form of organization of the justice system ![]() The type of legal system is mainly civil law, but judicial precedents are increasingly important. Human Development Index and its components of Japan : HDI RankĢ. Expected years of schooling, mean years of schooling, and Human Development Index (HDI) Japan has been at or near the top of the list for decades. For men, the number rose to 81.25, 0.16 higher than in 2017. The average life expectancy of women in Japan increased to 87.32 years, up 0.05 from 2017. The average life expectancy of both men and women in the country hit a new record in 2018. Spending on health, education and social protection Inequality Index 2018 Japan’s ranking per pillar, and overall : Inequality index and poverty line (percentage of population deemed to be living in poverty) Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita GNI (PPP) GDP (Billion Yen, Figure in parentheses is billion USD, 1 USD = 110 Yen): 2008ġ.4. Gross domestic product (GDP) for the last ten years. The two religions have co-existed relatively harmoniously and have even complemented each other to a certain degree. Shinto and Buddhism are Japan’s two major religions. In 2019 Japan enacted legislation aimed at protecting and promoting the culture of the Ainu ethnic minority through financial assistance, while at the same time stipulating for the first time that they are an indigenous people. The population of Ainu people living in Hokkaido is estimated at about 17,000, or 0.4% of the region’s total, according to the 2013 survey by the Hokkaido prefectural government. The Ainu people are an indigenous people who have lived around the northern part of the Japanese Archipelago, especially in Hokkaido, with a unique language as well as religious and cultural distinctiveness. ![]() Regarding, the number of foreign residents by nationality/region as of June 2019, China marked the largest number at 786,241, accounting for 27.8% of the total. Adding these two numbers together, the total number of foreign residents was 2,829,416, an increase of 522,028 (22.6%) compared to June 2016. The number of mid to long-term foreign residents in Japan was 2,511,567, and the number of foreign special permanent residents was 317,849 as of June 2019. Japan is currently the most aged society in the world. Japan now has an aging rate of 27.7%, and is categorized as a super-aged society. The number of the population aged 65 and over is 35.15 million. Japan’s population has begun to decline notably since 2010. The total population of Japan was 126.23 million people as of June 1, 2019. Demographics, ethnic groups, languages and religion Additionally, the Cabinet was established to be the main body to exercise administrative power within the basic framework of the Parliamentary Cabinet system. The government was established under the sovereignty of the people and the independence of the three branches of government – legislative, administrative and judicial powers – was emphasized. Japan is a unitary state and its government is a constitutional monarchy.
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